Codes and standards are two important aspects of establishing the national infrastructure, yet the two are often confused. The fact that many people use the terms interchangeably is proof of the confusion. I will use the plumbing code and plumbing product standards to help clarify the difference between the two.
Codes are adopted through ordinance and legislation by states, counties and cities. The requirements found within the code book are enforceable. This legislation is often the adoption of a national model code. The three available model plumbing codes in the United States are the Uniform Pluming Code (UPC®), the National Standard Plumbing Code (NSPC) and the International Plumbing Code (IPC®). The adoption may also include local amendments that are specific to the authority having jurisdiction.
Codes define provisions for enforcement, including permitting requirements, alterations, replacement and inspections. The code also provides the requirements for materials, system design, installation and approved product for use. This is accomplished through the reference of specific product standards.
Standards are a set of performance and design requirements for a specific product type or product category. Examples include standards for supply fittings (faucets), waste drain assemblies, and backflow preventers, to name a few. Standards base the requirements on the usage, expected stresses and life of the product to develop the minimum requirements. Products can be designed to exceed the requirements, but must meet the minimums to be compliant.
Although codes and standards are different, there is a close relationship between the two. Reputable codes and standards are both developed through an ANSI consensus process. Both are periodically updated and revised, but not on the same schedule. As mentioned, codes provide reference to standards but the language in the code is more proscriptive. In Section 3 of the UPC the language states:
301.2 Minimum Standards. Pipe, pipe fittings, traps, fixtures, material, and devices used in a plumbing system shall be listed (third-party certified) by a listing agency (accredited conformity assessment body) as complying with the approved applicable recognized standards referenced in this code …
There is similar language in the other model codes. This means the code requires products to comply with the referenced standards and be listed by a third party. [See Christopher White’s column in this issue for more detail on the certification and listing process.] Code and standards work together for the purpose of installing safe plumbing systems. Where a contradiction between the code and the standard occurs, the code has precedence. This is an infrequent occurrence, as the codes and standards are developed with the other taken into consideration.
As you can see, codes and standards share a close relationship but seek a different goal, the combination of which ensures protection of the public health, safety and welfare.
